• The EU is introducing a second Emissions Trading System (ETS2) covering fuel use in buildings, road transport, and additional sectors, but it does not impose emission permits on households directly.
• According to the European Commission’s official climate action portal, the ETS2 will regulate emissions upstream: “It will be fuel suppliers, rather than end consumers such as households or car users, that will be required to monitor and report their emissions” and surrender allowances.¹
• The Centre for European Reform confirms that the regulated entities are intermediaries such as companies selling fuel for cars and heating, “as opposed to final consumers such as households and businesses.”²
• Clean Energy Wire likewise notes the new system “will apply to distributors that supply fuels (not households or drivers).”³
• While higher fuel prices may pass some costs through to consumers, the legal obligation to hold and surrender emission permits rests with fuel distributors and suppliers, not with households.⁴

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1. ETS2: buildings, road transport and additional sectors - Climate Action
2. How to make the new emissions trading system work for consumers | Centre for European Reform
3. Understanding the European Union's Emissions Trading ...
4. EU Emission Trading System (EU ETS)  - Florence School of Regulation