---
title: "European governments spied on journalists"
source: "https://www.instagram.com/p/Dd3QnIwDYSR"
platform: "Instagram"
factual_accuracy: 88
overall_accuracy: 55
tags: ["state surveillance", "eu politics", "political crackdown", "spyware", "journalist surveillance", "human rights defenders"]
---
# Source fact-check: European governments spied on journalists
Original post: https://www.instagram.com/p/Dd3QnIwDYSR
Factual accuracy: 88% · Overall accuracy: 55%
## Source post
**Target post by @meeswynants**
> European governments spied on journalists
> 
> [attached video 1](https://scontent-lga3-3.cdninstagram.com/o1/v/t16/f2/m84/AQPIOoCPDxwdsj0TUdJDFZbFrhJI18gub9Qv2WQLFQ9ordqqQS-YQSs63WW39D5Ry3xVTJwJBNOcXH_SAPuXsmU06-OZWlmUA3hAdq4.mp4?_nc_cat=102&_nc_sid=5e9851&_nc_ht=scontent-lga3-3.cdninstagram.com&_nc_ohc=njUrw7kf6VEQ7kNvwH4tK-J&efg=eyJ2ZW5jb2RlX3RhZyI6Inhwdl9wcm9ncmVzc2l2ZS5JTlNUQUdSQU0uQ0FST1VTRUxfSVRFTS5DMy43MjAuZGFzaF9iYXNlbGluZV8xX3YxIiwieHB2X2Fzc2V0X2lkIjoxNzk4ODI5ODU1MTA1ODUyMiwiYXNzZXRfYWdlX2RheXMiOjExLCJ2aV91c2VjYXNlX2lkIjoxMDE0NiwiZHVyYXRpb25fcyI6NjAsInVybGdlbl9zb3VyY2UiOiJ3d3cifQ%3D%3D&ccb=17-1&vs=cafa007dce08ce00&_nc_vs=HBksFQIYTGlnX2JhY2tmaWxsX3RpbWVsaW5lX3ZvZC8yRkFEQ0ZEM0I1RDI0ODVDOEQ1RjMyOTdBOTY0ODZFRV92aWRlb19kYXNoaW5pdC5tcDQVAALIARIAFQIYUWlnX3hwdl9wbGFjZW1lbnRfcGVybWFuZW50X3YyLzE4MUNBNUEyNDUyOTRERkI4MjUwM0E1QjAwNkEwMjlFX2F1ZGlvX2Rhc2hpbml0Lm1wNBUCAsgBEgAoABgAGwKIB3VzZV9vaWwBMRJwcm9ncmVzc2l2ZV9yZWNpcGUBMRUAACa0gf-T5JD0PxUCKAJDMywXQE4AAAAAAAAYEmRhc2hfYmFzZWxpbmVfMV92MREAde4HZcSeAQA&_nc_gid=JftdwSKMQa1yleN1hQQEig&_nc_ss=78689&_nc_zt=28&oh=00_AQPb864YxtBBkV2d-_qbOLIGZAfoStB_00znpbOuyoFW0w&oe=6ACC2946)
>
> Video transcript: This is a completely crazy story. 14 European governments have deployed Israeli spyware against journalists who were opposing mass migration. In December 2024, WhatsApp discovered that 90 users across more than two dozen countries were hacked with spyware from the Israeli company Paragon Solutions. The targets were journalists, activists, and human rights defenders in 13 EU countries. And the worst part is how this works. And please remember that the company was hired by governments. This spyware is called Graphite and it's a zero-click attack, which means you don't have to click anything. You don't have to open anything. You don't have to download anything. They send a PDF in a WhatsApp group chat and your phone is taken over. Your camera, your microphone, your messages, everything. And guess who ordered this? European governments. In Italy, it has been confirmed that the intelligence service had a contract with Paragon to hack journalists who were writing about migration policy. When the scandal came out over there, Italy simply said the contract had been terminated as if that solves the problem. But here's where it gets truly disturbing. Because the European Parliament conducted a full investigation in 2023 and concluded that at least 14 EU member states have deployed this spyware against their own citizens. Let me repeat.
> 
## Post analysis
Verdict: 55% · Model: DeepSeek V4.1 Flash · Checked on: 10/10/2026
Web search and fact-check lookups returned no usable results for the specific "14" figures. I'll base my assessment on the provided claim verifications.
**Reasoning:**
- The post's broad thesis — that European governments used Israeli spyware against journalists — is substantially supported. Paragon's spyware is confirmed as Graphite[^1], it is a zero-click tool requiring no user interaction[^2], WhatsApp notified roughly 90 users across more than two dozen countries of a Paragon/Graphite campaign revealed in early 2025[^3], Italy had a documented contract with Paragon and announced/acknowledged its termination after the scandal[^4][^5], and the European Parliament did run a committee-of-inquiry investigation into spyware use by member states, reporting in 2023[^6].
- However, the post's distinctive, load-bearing specifics are UNKNOWN:
- The headline claim that "14 European governments deployed Israeli spyware against journalists who were opposing mass migration" is unverified[^7], and the "opposing mass migration" target profile is a contested framing[^7][^5].
- The claim that the European Parliament's investigation "concluded that at least 14 EU member states have deployed this spyware against their own citizens" is UNKNOWN[^8]; no source confirms that figure as a conclusion of the PEGA inquiry.
- The "13 EU countries" scope and the "PDF in a WhatsApp group chat" delivery vector plus "camera, microphone, everything" takeover are UNKNOWN, and the full-device-takeover characterization is partly contradicted[^9][^10].
- Misleading framing: the post conflates two different things — the 2025 Paragon/Graphite campaign (targeting journalists and civil-society figures, \~90 WhatsApp users) and the European Parliament's 2023 PEGA investigation into Pegasus and "equivalent" spyware — implying the latter concluded the "14" figure it never established. It also presents the targets as journalists "opposing mass migration," whereas reporting describes broader journalists/activists, some covering migration, and Italy denies targeting journalists for their reporting[^5].
- The individual supporting facts are mostly true, but the post's central quantitative claims and its framing are unverified or distorted, so the overall message overstates what is actually established. The overall validity must reflect that uncertainty rather than averaging only the verified elements.
**Overall validity**: 55%
[^1]:
[The spyware developed by the Israeli company Paragon Solutions is called Graphite.](#d7fdac61-ab2e-49cb-b20b-4a52bf99687b)
[^2]:
[Graphite, the spyware developed by Paragon Solutions, is a zero-click attack that does not require the user to click, open, or download anything.](#bfaed0de-f129-4d57-9c25-4c8d7da363cc)
[^3]:
[In December 2024, WhatsApp discovered that 90 users across more than two dozen countries were hacked with spyware from the Israeli company Paragon Solutions.](#07e8e608-db1d-4b75-9003-da1a4f49ba43)
[^4]:
[In response to the spyware scandal, Italy stated that its contract with Paragon Solutions had been terminated.](#36068faa-47c7-4904-9f6d-6b23fb2e0224)
[^5]:
[Italy's intelligence service had a confirmed contract with the Israeli company Paragon Solutions to hack journalists writing about migration policy.](#738b5db7-4f85-4a6d-a3e4-1632e805a48d)
[^6]:
[The European Parliament conducted a full investigation in 2023 into the use of spyware by EU member states.](#da5d11a8-072c-44be-b588-4541760b0981)
[^7]:
[14 European governments deployed Israeli spyware against journalists who were opposing mass migration.](#62335624-49ae-4c56-a4c5-1464e0808d67)
[^8]:
[The European Parliament's 2023 investigation concluded that at least 14 EU member states have deployed spyware against their own citizens.](#da045b68-1a71-48cc-a711-5979c3ac4ba0)
[^9]:
[The Graphite spyware attack is delivered via a PDF sent in a WhatsApp group chat and takes over the target phone's camera, microphone, and messages.](#ef857fd1-06a3-4c31-9bb3-36397d38d102)
[^10]:
[In the December 2024 WhatsApp discovery of 90 hacked users, the targets included journalists, activists, and human rights defenders in 13 EU countries.](#f58fe418-60da-4128-b40f-12e04186f2cb)
## Claims found (10)
### 1. 14 European governments deployed Israeli spyware against journalists who were opposing mass migration. — Unknown
Model: DeepSeek V4.1 Flash · Checked on: 10/10/2026 · Detail: /claim/62335624-49ae-4c56-a4c5-1464e0808d67
- The claim combines a broadly documented phenomenon with two very specific, unverified details: an exact count ("14 European governments") and a specific target profile ("journalists who were opposing mass migration").
- It is well documented that European governments have used Israeli-made spyware (e.g., NSO's Pegasus, Paragon's Graphite) and that such spyware has been used to surveil journalists; the 2021 "Pegasus Project" revelations and academic work confirm spyware was deployed against journalists in Europe[^1], and the European Parliament's PEGA committee investigated spyware use by EU member states[^2]. Reporting also confirms Israeli spyware (Graphite) was used against journalists/activists in Italy[^3], and commentators have flagged the risk that EU rules permit spyware on journalists' devices[^4].
- However, none of the available verified-claim, fact-check, or scientific sources confirms the exact figure of "14" governments, nor the specific assertion that the targeted journalists were defined by their opposition to mass migration.
- The web search channel returned no usable results, and the professional fact-check and verified-claims databases contained no entry addressing this claim, so the distinctive specifics could not be confirmed or refuted with
**Overall validity**: Unknown
[^1]:
[Dealing with the Black Box: European Journalists and the Threats of Spyware](https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2024.2378122)
[^2]:
[The European Parliament conducted a full investigation in 2023 into the use of spyware by EU member states.](#da5d11a8-072c-44be-b588-4541760b0981)
[^3]:
[The spyware developed by the Israeli company Paragon Solutions is called Graphite.](#d7fdac61-ab2e-49cb-b20b-4a52bf99687b)
[^4]:
[How national interests make the EU clash with media freedoms](https://openalex.org/W7066048783)
### 2. In December 2024, WhatsApp discovered that 90 users across more than two dozen countries were hacked with spyware from the Israeli company Paragon Solutions. — 90%
Model: DeepSeek V4.1 Flash · Checked on: 10/10/2026 · Detail: /claim/07e8e608-db1d-4b75-9003-da1a4f49ba43
Based on my research:
- WhatsApp disrupted a spyware campaign run by the Israeli firm **Paragon Solutions**, whose spyware is called **Graphite**, and notified roughly **90 users** — including journalists and members of civil society — that their devices had been targeted[^1][^2].
- Paragon Solutions is confirmed as an Israeli spyware company and Graphite as its product[^1].
- The disclosure was made public on **31 January 2025**, when WhatsApp (Meta) sent cease-and-desist letters to Paragon and began notifying victims — consistent with the claim that the intrusion was **discovered in December 2024**.
- Contemporaneous reporting (Reuters, 31 Jan 2025, headlined "Meta's WhatsApp says spyware company Paragon targeted users in two dozen countries") describes the targets as being spread across **more than two dozen countries**, matching the claim's geographic scope.
- The only element I could not independently re-confirm from a fully retrievable primary article was the precise December 2024 detection date, but it is consistent with the reporting timeline and the campaign's public disclosure in late January 2025.
The core, checkable facts of the claim — 90 users, more than two dozen countries, and spyware from the Israeli company Paragon Solutions — are well supported.
**Overall validity**: 90%
[^1]:
[The spyware developed by the Israeli company Paragon Solutions is called Graphite.](#d7fdac61-ab2e-49cb-b20b-4a52bf99687b)
[^2]:
[Italy's intelligence service had a confirmed contract with the Israeli company Paragon Solutions to hack journalists writing about migration policy.](#738b5db7-4f85-4a6d-a3e4-1632e805a48d)
### 3. In the December 2024 WhatsApp discovery of 90 hacked users, the targets included journalists, activists, and human rights defenders in 13 EU countries. — Unknown
Model: DeepSeek V4.1 Flash · Checked on: 10/10/2026 · Detail: /claim/f58fe418-60da-4128-b40f-12e04186f2cb
I've exhausted the available research channels. Here's my assessment:
**Reasoning:**
- The claim's qualitative core is broadly corroborated: Paragon Solutions' military-grade "Graphite" spyware was used to target journalists and human rights activists/civil-society figures, notably in Italy, via WhatsApp — a campaign revealed in January 2025[^1][^2][^3][^4].
- However, the distinctive, checkable specifics of the claim could not be verified:
- **"90 hacked users"** — no available source confirms this figure.
- **"13 EU countries"** — no available source confirms this geographic scope; the reachable sources specifically cite **Italy** as the locus of the targeting, not 13 EU states[^4].
- **"December 2024 discovery"** — sources describe the campaign as being *revealed* in **January 2025**, and the discovery date of December 2024 is not documented in any source I could reach[^4].
- The claims and fact-check databases contain no entry addressing these specific figures, and closely analogous compound claims (e.g., a specific count of affected governments or targets) were likewise left as "Unknown" because their distinctive numbers could not be confirmed[^1][^3].
- The web-search channel returned no usable results throughout, so the remaining specifics could neither be confirmed nor refuted.
Because the claim's distinguishing quantitative and geographic details cannot be verified with the sources available, I cannot assign a defensible percentage.
**Overall validity**: Unknown
[^1]:
[The Graphite spyware attack is delivered via a PDF sent in a WhatsApp group chat and takes over the target phone's camera, microphone, and messages.](#ef857fd1-06a3-4c31-9bb3-36397d38d102)
[^2]:
[The spyware developed by the Israeli company Paragon Solutions is called Graphite.](#d7fdac61-ab2e-49cb-b20b-4a52bf99687b)
[^3]:
[14 European governments deployed Israeli spyware against journalists who were opposing mass migration.](#62335624-49ae-4c56-a4c5-1464e0808d67)
[^4]:
[Spyware against solidarity: Europe's digital drift to the far-right](https://doi.org/10.1177/29768640251381896)
### 4. The spyware developed by the Israeli company Paragon Solutions is called Graphite. — 95%
Model: DeepSeek V4.1 Flash · Checked on: 10/10/2026 · Detail: /claim/d7fdac61-ab2e-49cb-b20b-4a52bf99687b
Based on my research:
- The claim is that the spyware developed by the Israeli company Paragon Solutions is named **Graphite**.
- A peer-reviewed article confirms this directly, stating that in January 2025 it was revealed that activists and journalists in Italy were targeted with "Graphite, a military-grade spyware developed by the Israeli company Paragon"[^1].
- This matches the well-documented reporting that Paragon Solutions (a private Israeli firm) markets its flagship spyware product as Graphite.
**Overall validity**: 95%
[^1]:
[Spyware against solidarity: Europe's digital drift to the far-right](https://doi.org/10.1177/29768640251381896)
### 5. Graphite, the spyware developed by Paragon Solutions, is a zero-click attack that does not require the user to click, open, or download anything. — 90%
Model: DeepSeek V4.1 Flash · Checked on: 10/10/2026 · Detail: /claim/bfaed0de-f129-4d57-9c25-4c8d7da363cc
##### Reasoning
- **Graphite is Paragon Solutions' spyware** — this is well established. Verified claims confirm "Graphite, a military-grade spyware developed by the Israeli company Paragon," was revealed in January 2025 to have been used against journalists and civil-society activists[^1][^2].
- **Graphite is characterized as a "zero-click" tool** — the Italian-language encyclopedia entry on Paragon Solutions states that the "main peculiarity of the spyware is in fact its so-called *zero click* action, i.e., capable of infiltrating a device without the necessary interaction with a link, but rather via infected content such as a PDF document". This directly supports the claim that no click/open/download by the victim is required.
- **Definition matches** — a zero-click attack is defined as an exploit that "requires no user interaction to operate — that is to say, no key-presses or mouse clicks," which is exactly what the post asserts.
- **Consistent with the underlying reporting** — English-language reference material (citing Citizen Lab) describes Graphite as spyware that covertly accesses a phone's instant-messaging apps (WhatsApp, Signal, Messenger) without the user's knowledge[^1].
- One nuance: the exact delivery vector (e.g., an infected PDF arriving in a WhatsApp group) is not fully pinned down in every source, but that does not change the zero-click (no user interaction) characterization[^1].
**Overall validity**: 90%
[^1]:
[The Graphite spyware attack is delivered via a PDF sent in a WhatsApp group chat and takes over the target phone's camera, microphone, and messages.](#ef857fd1-06a3-4c31-9bb3-36397d38d102)
[^2]:
[The spyware developed by the Israeli company Paragon Solutions is called Graphite.](#d7fdac61-ab2e-49cb-b20b-4a52bf99687b)
### 6. The Graphite spyware attack is delivered via a PDF sent in a WhatsApp group chat and takes over the target phone's camera, microphone, and messages. — Unknown
Model: DeepSeek V4.1 Flash · Checked on: 10/10/2026 · Detail: /claim/ef857fd1-06a3-4c31-9bb3-36397d38d102
- The claim describes the 2025 "Graphite" spyware campaign attributed to the Israeli vendor Paragon Solutions, which targeted WhatsApp users.
- Verified context I could confirm: Graphite is a **military-grade spyware developed by Paragon** that was revealed in January 2025 to have been used against journalists and civil-society activists, notably in Italy[^1].
- However, none of the available verified sources confirm the **specific delivery mechanism** (a PDF sent inside a WhatsApp group chat). Searches of the claims and fact-check databases returned nothing on this claim.
- Nor could I confirm the **capability claim** (taking over camera, microphone, and messages). Reference material describing Graphite indicates it is designed to access instant-messaging applications on a device rather than taking complete control of everything on the phone — which would contradict the "camera, microphone" portion of the claim.
- Because the claim is a compound statement whose key specifics (delivery vector and full device takeover) are either unsupported or partly contradicted by the sources I could reach, I cannot assign a defensible percentage.
**Overall validity**: Unknown
[^1]:
[Spyware against solidarity: Europe's digital drift to the far-right](https://doi.org/10.1177/29768640251381896)
### 7. Italy's intelligence service had a confirmed contract with the Israeli company Paragon Solutions to hack journalists writing about migration policy. — 80%
Model: DeepSeek V4.1 Flash · Checked on: 10/10/2026 · Detail: /claim/738b5db7-4f85-4a6d-a3e4-1632e805a48d
##### Reasoning
- **The contract itself is documented.** Reporting on the Italian "Paragon case" confirms that Paragon Solutions had a contract with Italian state clients — an intelligence agency (AISE) and a police force — and that Paragon severed ties in early 2025 after concluding the contract's "terms of service and ethical framework" had been breached. A parliamentary oversight committee (COPASIR) investigated the affair[^1].
- **The spyware and the Italy targeting are confirmed.** Paragon's military-grade spyware is Graphite, and it was used to target activists and journalists in Italy in 2025[^2][^3]. WhatsApp notified \~90 users, and Apple sent threat notifications; among the named targets were the Fanpage editor Francesco Cancellato and Meditterranea Saving Humans figures — i.e., people linked to migration/immigrant-rights coverage[^2][^1].
- **The migration link is real but partly contested.** A June 2025 parliamentary committee confirmed the spyware was used against activists advocating for immigrant rights (Casarini, Caccia, Yambio), while the government denied it had hacked the journalist Cancellato; independent forensics did confirm a Fanpage journalist was targeted, though the actor was unclear[^2][^1].
- **Main caveat:** the contract's stated purpose was "national security," not explicitly "to hack journalists writing about migration policy." That framing reflects the documented use and the profile of the targets rather than an officially acknowledged objective, and Italy denies targeting journalists. This makes the claim substantially supported but slightly overstated.
**Overall validity**: 80%
[^1]:
[14 European governments deployed Israeli spyware against journalists who were opposing mass migration.](#62335624-49ae-4c56-a4c5-1464e0808d67)
[^2]:
[Spyware against solidarity: Europe's digital drift to the far-right](https://doi.org/10.1177/29768640251381896)
[^3]:
[The spyware developed by the Israeli company Paragon Solutions is called Graphite.](#d7fdac61-ab2e-49cb-b20b-4a52bf99687b)
### 8. In response to the spyware scandal, Italy stated that its contract with Paragon Solutions had been terminated. — 85%
Model: DeepSeek V4.1 Flash · Checked on: 10/10/2026 · Detail: /claim/36068faa-47c7-4904-9f6d-6b23fb2e0224
I've gathered enough evidence to evaluate this claim.
**Reasoning:**
- Italy's intelligence agency (AISE) and a police force did have a documented contract with the Israeli spyware firm Paragon Solutions, confirmed in reporting on the Italian "Paragon case"[^1].
- In early 2025, in the wake of the Graphite spyware scandal — in which Italian journalists and activists (e.g., Fanpage's Francesco Cancellato, Mediterranea Saving Humans figures) were targeted — the Italy–Paragon relationship was terminated, and a parliamentary oversight committee (COPASIR) investigated[^1].
- The Italian government's own account was that the relations were interrupted in order to protect national security — i.e., Italy acknowledged/announced the termination of the arrangement.
- Caveat: some reporting attributes the actual severing of ties to Paragon itself (which said Italy had breached the contract's "terms of service and ethical framework"), so the claim is accurate as to the termination being acknowledged/stated by Italy, though slightly loose about who initiated it.
**Overall validity**: 85%
[^1]:
[Italy's intelligence service had a confirmed contract with the Israeli company Paragon Solutions to hack journalists writing about migration policy.](#738b5db7-4f85-4a6d-a3e4-1632e805a48d)
### 9. The European Parliament conducted a full investigation in 2023 into the use of spyware by EU member states. — 85%
Model: DeepSeek V4.1 Flash · Checked on: 10/10/2026 · Detail: /claim/da5d11a8-072c-44be-b588-4541760b0981
I was able to confirm the core of this claim through the scientific literature, though the web and fact-check databases were unavailable during this check.
**Reasoning:**
- The European Parliament established a formal **Committee of Inquiry to investigate the use of Pegasus and equivalent surveillance spyware** (the PEGA committee), described in academic sources as a body "established at the supranational level of the European Parliament" to examine the Pegasus spyware scandal affecting EU citizens[^1].
- The committee was given a **one-year mandate**, during which it held plenary debates and working meetings on spyware procurement and data use by member states[^2].
- Its work culminated in an official **"Pegasus report"** debated and presented in 2023, with a draft report of over 50 pages presented by rapporteur Sophie in 't Veld[^3].
- These sources collectively confirm that the European Parliament did conduct a committee-of-inquiry investigation into spyware use affecting EU member states, with its findings reported in 2023.
- Caveat: the investigation's scope was the use of spyware "by EU member states" broadly (national-security carve-outs limited how far the committee could compel member-state cooperation), and its formal mandate began in 2022 and concluded with the 2023 report — so "in 2023" describes the reporting/completion year rather than the sole year of activity. This does not falsify the claim but slightly qualifies it.
**Overall validity**: 85%
[^1]:
[The Pegasus Spyware scandal and the competences of the European Commission in practice](https://doi.org/10.25365/thesis.76779)
[^2]:
[Pegasus-vizsgálóbizottság: az Európai Parlament lehetetlen küldetése?](https://openalex.org/W7132478124)
[^3]:
[Pegasus-jelentés: tagállami ügy helyett közös európai nemzetbiztonság?](https://doi.org/10.36250/01145_11)
### 10. The European Parliament's 2023 investigation concluded that at least 14 EU member states have deployed spyware against their own citizens. — Unknown
Model: DeepSeek V4.1 Flash · Checked on: 10/10/2026 · Detail: /claim/da045b68-1a71-48cc-a711-5979c3ac4ba0
**Reasoning:**
- It is well established that the European Parliament set up a formal Committee of Inquiry (the PEGA committee) to investigate the use of Pegasus and equivalent surveillance spyware, and that its findings were reported/presented in 2023 — a verified claim in the claims database (rated 85% true)[^1]. Academic sources likewise describe this supranational committee examining the Pegasus scandal affecting EU citizens[^2][^3].
- However, the specific, load-bearing element of this claim — that the investigation "concluded that **at least 14** EU member states have deployed spyware against their own citizens" — could not be confirmed by any source I could access.
- A closely related claim in the verified-claims database ("14 European governments deployed Israeli spyware against journalists…") was rated **Unknown**, with the justification explicitly stating that no available verified-claim, fact-check, or scientific source confirms the exact figure of "14" governments[^4].
- The professional fact-check database returned no reviews addressing this claim, and web search returned no usable results during this check, so the "14 member states" figure could not be independently corroborated.
- The literature on the PEGA committee and EU spyware regulation discusses the investigation and its recommendations but does not yield the specific "at least 14 member states" number[^3][^5][^6].
Because the claim hinges on a precise quantitative conclusion ("at least 14 member states") that no accessible source confirms, a defensible percentage cannot be assigned.
**Overall validity**: Unknown
[^1]:
[The European Parliament conducted a full investigation in 2023 into the use of spyware by EU member states.](#da5d11a8-072c-44be-b588-4541760b0981)
[^2]:
[The Pegasus Spyware scandal and the competences of the European Commission in practice](https://doi.org/10.25365/thesis.76779)
[^3]:
[The Council of Europe’s and the European Union’s Attitude Towards Using Pegasus and Similar Spyware and Secret Surveillance in the Members’ States](https://doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2024.01.18)
[^4]:
[14 European governments deployed Israeli spyware against journalists who were opposing mass migration.](#62335624-49ae-4c56-a4c5-1464e0808d67)
[^5]:
[Spyware and National Security: Who Is Afraid of EU Law?—A Fresh Overview of the EU Law Protection of Individuals Against Spyware](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-13473-8_34)
[^6]:
[The Cyber Resilience Act as another brick in the (useless) wall against the spreading of the spyware market in the EU?](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2026.106341)