---
title: "Drones, “hybrid attacks” and billions more for war — @rada.laykova (Rada L…"
source: "https://www.instagram.com/p/DdYmN0skWWW"
platform: "Instagram"
factual_accuracy: 51
overall_accuracy: 20
tags: ["ukraine war", "russia war", "hybrid attacks", "drones", "diplomacy", "eurasian security"]
---

# Source fact-check: Drones, “hybrid attacks” and billions more for war — @rada.laykova (Rada L…

Original post: https://www.instagram.com/p/DdYmN0skWWW
Factual accuracy: 51% · Overall accuracy: 20%

## Source post

**Target post by @sovereignnations_ep**

> Drones, “hybrid attacks” and billions more for war — @rada.laykova (Rada Laykova)  questions the narrative driving Europe toward further confrontation. Whatever your view of the conflict, her message is clear: escalation should never become a substitute for diplomacy!

> [attached video 0](https://scontent-phl2-1.cdninstagram.com/o1/v/t2/f2/m86/AQO3c6-iKmu-kBblJiCmlFKripaocSMqDi785Tcv-c7pg3kGzMdEkoX0LTBvGPH3gGt9WZLBU1iovRaHINTXFGj-FsNB0rBj7wgDmAo.mp4?_nc_cat=107&_nc_sid=5e9851&_nc_ht=scontent-phl2-1.cdninstagram.com&_nc_ohc=09WGcYzw1jQQ7kNvwHzWz5d&efg=eyJ2ZW5jb2RlX3RhZyI6Inhwdl9wcm9ncmVzc2l2ZS5JTlNUQUdSQU0uQ0xJUFMuQzMuNzIwLmRhc2hfYmFzZWxpbmVfMV92MSIsInhwdl9hc3NldF9pZCI6MTc5NDI1ODAxODAzNDgzMDUsImFzc2V0X2FnZV9kYXlzIjoyNCwidmlfdXNlY2FzZV9pZCI6MTAwOTksImR1cmF0aW9uX3MiOjc4LCJ1cmxnZW5fc291cmNlIjoid3d3In0%3D&ccb=17-1&vs=86f1eb526ce68bd0&_nc_vs=HBksFQIYUmlnX3hwdl9yZWVsc19wZXJtYW5lbnRfc3JfcHJvZC8wMDRGMzlDNDc4NTlFM0U0OUE5OUY2MzU1RURDNEY5Ml92aWRlb19kYXNoaW5pdC5tcDQVAALIARIAFQIYUWlnX3hwdl9wbGFjZW1lbnRfcGVybWFuZW50X3YyL0I2NDQyMThCQzA4NjA5REM2NzZFNjFGRkMwNkVCNkI5X2F1ZGlvX2Rhc2hpbml0Lm1wNBUCAsgBEgAoABgAGwKIB3VzZV9vaWwBMRJwcm9ncmVzc2l2ZV9yZWNpcGUBMRUAACaitofgz6vfPxUCKAJDMywXQFOhR64UeuEYEmRhc2hfYmFzZWxpbmVfMV92MREAdf4HZeadAQA&_nc_gid=wXD3XL_x_0e55ivdhcqwdA&_nc_ss=78689&_nc_zt=28&oh=00_AQNr3RN8bvNR02JNJ9d1hfRhV9vGW1F_xcYzbLQfdzTEPA&oe=6ACDAE50)
>
> Video transcript: Every now and then, some dubious drone appearance is happening, or a drone is conveniently found somewhere. We had that in Bulgaria, while Ursula von der Leyen was circling around, and now in Leipzig. Likewise, the so-called hybrid attacks with the drifting balloons in Belarus. No one can coherently explain what a so-called hybrid attack even means. It is just one of those EU-approved words for us to repeat, since we cannot point to any real attacks on the EU by Russia. So the EU desperately needs to convince the people why we should send more billions to Ukraine. We, on the other hand, are really attacking Russia. We engage in piracy on the open sea, by any standards of international law. These actions are real hostilities and they are not hybrid. And no matter how you stand through this war, one thing is sure. War is always the enemy to the people, to all the people, and this makes me question why so many of my colleagues here are promoting this very enemy of the people by using these dubious attacks to promote escalation with Russia rather than diplomacy.

## Post analysis

Verdict: 20% · Model: DeepSeek V4.1 Flash · Checked on: 11/10/2026

##### Assessment

The post presents Rada Laykova's argument that the EU is manufacturing dubious incidents ("drones," "hybrid attacks") to justify escalating confrontation with Russia, while accusing the EU of being the real aggressor (piracy) and implying Russia is innocent. The factual substructure is largely false.

- **The incidents she dismisses as fabricated are real.** A drone carrying explosives was genuinely found at Leipzig/Halle Airport in August 2026 and German authorities linked it to Russia as a hybrid attack[^1]. The Belarus balloon incursions were genuinely characterized as a "hybrid attack" by Lithuanian officials and triggered a nationwide emergency[^2]. So the framing that these are "dubious" or "conveniently found" fabrications is misleading.
- **Her core claim that "we cannot point to any real attacks on the EU by Russia" is false.** A large, documented Russian campaign of sabotage, arson, cyber and assassination operations against EU/NATO states is on record — 34 physical-effect attacks in 2024 alone, 151 known Russia-linked operations from 2022–2026[^3].
- **The "piracy" accusation is false.** EU boardings of shadow-fleet tankers are state sanctions enforcement, which does not meet the UNCLOS legal definition of piracy (which requires private ends by a private ship on the high seas)[^4].
- **The Bulgaria drone claim is a conflation.** Von der Leyen did visit Bulgaria, but the notable incident then was GPS jamming, not a drone discovery; drones were found in Bulgaria on dates unrelated to her visit[^5].
- **True elements exist but are peripheral to her argument.** The Leipzig drone[^1], the Belarus balloons[^2], and the EU's multi-billion-euro support to Ukraine[^6] are all accurately reflected — but these are the very facts that undercut her thesis that the EU is inventing pretexts.
- **Net effect:** The post's central message — that the EU is engineering dubious incidents to justify war and that Russia is the wronged party — rests on premises that are false or misleadingly framed. The one solidly true fact (billions to Ukraine) does not rescue the argument, since the surrounding narrative misrepresents documented reality.

**Overall validity**: 20%

[^1]:
    [A drone was found in Leipzig, Germany.](#85b70588-3be6-4eca-8557-23a75b1aa388)

[^2]:
    [Drifting balloons in Belarus were characterized as hybrid attacks.](#47d3d8b3-fa23-4f37-9c53-9cf26055d9c7)

[^3]:
    [No real attacks on the EU by Russia can be identified.](#58962ee0-4089-401b-b261-71172d87d2e7)

[^4]:
    [The EU is engaging in piracy on the open sea against Russia, by any standards of international law.](#b1def9c0-80e3-4aa7-af18-865a453e08bc)

[^5]:
    [A drone was found in Bulgaria during a visit by Ursula von der Leyen.](#6eb36bc9-7292-4613-a62f-f96f4306ca10)

[^6]:
    [The EU is sending billions to Ukraine.](#83717019-8993-4a72-9b4c-55e29c1f47dd)

## Claims found (6)

<a id="6eb36bc9-7292-4613-a62f-f96f4306ca10"></a>
### 1. A drone was found in Bulgaria during a visit by Ursula von der Leyen. — 10%

Model: DeepSeek V4.1 Flash · Checked on: 11/10/2026 · Detail: /claim/6eb36bc9-7292-4613-a62f-f96f4306ca10

##### Analysis

**What the claim asserts:** that a drone was discovered in Bulgaria *during a visit by Ursula von der Leyen*.

**What the evidence shows:**

- **Von der Leyen did visit Bulgaria** — on 31 August 2025 she toured the VMZ-Sopot arms plant with PM Rosen Zhelyazkov[^1]. The notable incident during that visit was **GPS jamming of her chartered plane** as it approached Plovdiv, not the discovery of a drone[^2][^3][^4].
- **Drones have indeed been found in Bulgaria**, but on dates unrelated to any von der Leyen visit:
  - A military drone washed ashore at Harmanite beach, Sozopol, on 12 August 2025[^5][^6].
  - A Ukrainian "Maiia" decoy drone crashed near the Kardam border/gas pipeline on 8 August 2026[^7][^8].
  - Multiple drone wrecks were recovered along the Black Sea coast (Varna, Pomorie, Tsarevo, etc.) on 14–26 August 2026[^9][^10][^11].
  - During the 6 October 2026 Black Sea ship strikes, officials explicitly said **no drone debris was found**[^12].
- **No source ties a drone discovery to any von der Leyen visit.** She was not in Bulgaria during the 2025 or 2026 drone-wreck periods; the October 2026 drone strikes occurred while she was elsewhere and she only commented remotely[^13][^14].

**Conclusion:** The claim appears to be a conflation — von der Leyen *did* visit Bulgaria (and a hostile incident, GPS jamming, occurred then), and drones *have* been found in Bulgaria — but no drone was found during any of her visits. The specific composite assertion is unsupported by any reporting.

**Overall validity**: 10%

[^1]:
    [Von der Leyen visit spotlights Bulgaria’s uneasy growth as European arms hub – POLITICO](https://www.politico.eu/article/von-der-leyen-visit-spotlights-bulgaria-uneasy-role-europe-arms-hub)

[^2]:
    [Suspected Russian operation jams the GPS on von der Leyen's flight above Bulgaria | AP News](https://apnews.com/article/europe-leyen-plane-radar-russia-jammed-51fa78294c2d0464dce5fd24dd4f273b)

[^3]:
    [EU chief von der Leyen's plane hit by suspected Russian GPS interference](https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9d07z1439zo)

[^4]:
    [Plane carrying EU’s top leader targeted by alleged Russian GPS jamming | CNN](https://www.cnn.com/2025/09/01/world/plane-ursula-von-der-leyen-intl)

[^5]:
    [Military drone found on beach near Bulgaria’s Sozopol – The Sofia Globe](https://sofiaglobe.com/2025/08/12/military-drone-found-on-beach-near-bulgarias-sozopol)

[^6]:
    [Harmanite Beach in Sozopol was closed after a military drone was washed ashore - Radio Bulgaria in English](https://bnrnews.bg/en/post/11864/harmanite-beach-in-sozopol-was-closed-after-a-military-drone-was-washed-ashore)

[^7]:
    [Bulgaria Identifies Ukrainian Decoy Drone Found Near Gas Pipeline](https://www.kyivpost.com/post/82003)

[^8]:
    [Bulgaria drone crash a wake-up call for country's defenses](https://www.dw.com/en/the-crash-of-a-ukrainian-drone-in-bulgaria-reveals-gaps-in-defense-highlights-changed-ukraine-policy/a-78320070)

[^9]:
    [Drone Found on Varna Beach as More Devices Wash Ashore - Novinite.com - Sofia News Agency](https://www.novinite.com/articles/240297/Drone+Found+on+Varna+Beach+as+More+Devices+Wash+Ashore)

[^10]:
    [A reconnaissance drone was found near Tsarevo ᐉ News from Fakti.bg - Bulgaria | ФАКТИ.БГ](https://fakti.bg/en/bulgaria/1076788-a-reconnaissance-drone-was-found-near-tsarevo)

[^11]:
    [Bulgaria Finds Multiple Military Drones Along Black Sea Coast](https://www.adriadefense.com/bulgaria-finds-multiple-military-drones-along-black-sea-coast)

[^12]:
    [Bulgarian Defence Ministry says no drone debris found on ship attacked in Black Sea – The Sofia Globe](https://sofiaglobe.com/2026/10/09/bulgarian-defence-ministry-says-no-drone-debris-found-on-ship-attacked-in-black-sea)

[^13]:
    [Bulgarian president calls security council meeting over drone attacks - Radio Bulgaria in English](https://bnrnews.bg/en/post/538208/bulgarian-president-calls-security-council-meeting-over-drone-attacks)

[^14]:
    [Black Sea drone attack that sunk ship off Bulgaria condemned as crew still missing | The Independent](https://www.the-independent.com/news/world/europe/bulgaria-nato-drone-black-sea-ship-russia-b3062118.html)

<a id="85b70588-3be6-4eca-8557-23a75b1aa388"></a>
### 2. A drone was found in Leipzig, Germany. — 95%

Model: DeepSeek V4.1 Flash · Checked on: 11/10/2026 · Detail: /claim/85b70588-3be6-4eca-8557-23a75b1aa388

The claim refers to a real, widely reported incident.

- On the night of 4 August 2026, a drone carrying an explosive device was found at Leipzig/Halle Airport in eastern Germany, close to Ukrainian cargo planes; the device failed to detonate and was defused[^1][^2].
- The airport was closed for several hours, and a second drone reportedly collided with a cargo aircraft that same night[^3].
- German media later reported that investigators found a third drone near the airport about ten days later, along with suspected explosives[^3][^4].
- German authorities linked the incident to Russia, describing it as a hybrid attack; the incident was covered by major outlets including the BBC and DW[^2][^4].
- The only minor caveat is that the drone(s) were found at/near Leipzig/Halle Airport rather than the city center, but this still falls within "Leipzig, Germany"[^2][^3].

**Overall validity**: 95%

[^1]:
    [A drone 'equipped with explosives' was found at an airport in ...](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9HYpU0NfE8)

[^2]:
    [Germany says Russia behind Leipzig airport drone attack](https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5ylm3m67n2o)

[^3]:
    [Third drone found in suspected Leipzig hybrid attack](https://www.dw.com/en/third-drone-found-in-suspected-leipzig-hybrid-attack/video-78511922)

[^4]:
    [Germany news: Third drone found in Leipzig airport probe](https://www.dw.com/en/germany-news-third-drone-found-in-leipzig-airport-probe/live-78491814)

<a id="47d3d8b3-fa23-4f37-9c53-9cf26055d9c7"></a>
### 3. Drifting balloons in Belarus were characterized as hybrid attacks. — 95%

Model: DeepSeek V4.1 Flash · Checked on: 11/10/2026 · Detail: /claim/47d3d8b3-fa23-4f37-9c53-9cf26055d9c7

- Lithuania's Prime Minister Inga Ruginiene explicitly condemned the balloon incursions from Belarus as a "hybrid attack" that posed a real risk to national security and civil aviation[^1][^2].
- Lithuania declared a "nationwide emergency situation" in December 2025 over weather balloons from Belarus carrying smuggled cigarettes, with \~600 balloons and \~200 drones entering its airspace that year and repeated closures of Vilnius airport[^3][^2][^1].
- Multiple outlets report Vilnius accused Minsk of mounting a "hybrid attack," with the flights forcing airport closures affecting 350+ flights and \~51,000 passengers[^1][^4].
- Analysts and officials frame it as part of a broader Russian/Belarusian "hybrid campaign" (sabotage, infrastructure disruption, drone flights), though the balloons also involve a genuine cigarette-smuggling network and Belarus denies involvement[^2][^5].

**Overall validity**: 95%

[^1]:
    [Lithuania declares state of emergency over smuggler balloons from Belarus | Russia-Ukraine war News | Al Jazeera](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/9/lithuania-declares-state-of-emergency-over-smuggler-balloons-from-belarus)

[^2]:
    [Lithuania declares emergency situation over risks from balloons from Belarus](https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c39pr3d10wlo)

[^3]:
    [Lithuania declares emergency situation over Belarus balloons | BBC News](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xeR9a0gO1FI)

[^4]:
    [Lithuania Raises Alert Over Belarus Balloon Smuggling | WION](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8VPd66XdX3U)

[^5]:
    [Up In The Air: Are Balloons From Belarus A Smuggling Operation? A Hybrid Attack? Or Both?](https://www.rferl.org/a/balloons-belarus-smuggling-hybrid-attack-lithuania-cigarettes/33586992.html)

<a id="58962ee0-4089-401b-b261-71172d87d2e7"></a>
### 4. No real attacks on the EU by Russia can be identified. — 5%

Model: DeepSeek V4.1 Flash · Checked on: 11/10/2026 · Detail: /claim/58962ee0-4089-401b-b261-71172d87d2e7

##### Reasoning

- The claim is an absolute denial that any genuine Russian attacks on the EU can be identified. Multiple independent, authoritative sources document a large, ongoing campaign of Russian attacks on EU/NATO member states, so the claim is contradicted by the evidence.
- CSIS's database of Russian "active measures" with physical effects records 3 attacks in 2022, 12 in 2023, and 34 in 2024 — a near-tripling year over year — including explosives, incendiaries, firearms, and anchors used to cut undersea cables[^1].
- A CRS report notes Russian hybrid activities in Europe "quadrupled from 2023 to 2024," and cites GCHQ's director stating Russia is "scaling up its daily hybrid activity against the UK and Europe… relentlessly targeting critical infrastructure, democratic processes, supply chains and public trust"[^2][^3].
- A study by the International Centre for Counter-Terrorism and Globsec counted 151 known cases of sabotage, arson, attempted attacks and other Russia-linked operations in Europe from Feb 2022 to Feb 2026[^4]; the IISS similarly documented over 50 sabotage events in 2022–mid-2025[^5].
- Attribution has been made publicly: Germany and Denmark formally attributed cyberattacks to Russia-linked actors[^6], and the EU attributed cyber operations to Russia's FSB 16th Centre and GRU Unit 29155[^7]. Germany's interior minister stated Germany is "a daily target of hybrid warfare"[^8].
- Other documented cases include Baltic undersea cable cuts, arson at warehouses storing Ukraine aid, and a foiled 2024 plot to assassinate the CEO of Germany's Rheinmetall[^1][^9][^10].
- The only defensible narrow reading is that Russia has not launched an overt conventional military strike on EU territory — but the claim as worded denies that any real attacks exist at all, which is false given the well-documented sabotage, arson, cyber, and assassination operations.

**Overall validity**: 5%

[^1]:
    [Russia’s Shadow War Against the West](https://www.csis.org/analysis/russias-shadow-war-against-west)

[^2]:
    [Russian Hybrid Warfare Activities in Europe](https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/R/PDF/R49134/R49134.2.pdf)

[^3]:
    [Russian Hybrid Warfare Activities in Europe: Considerations for Congress - EveryCRSReport.com](https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R49134.html)

[^4]:
    [Ukraine War: Students recruited via Telegram, amateur saboteurs and hitmen: How Russia outsources its operations in Europe | International | EL PAÍS English](https://english.elpais.com/international/2026-10-11/students-recruited-via-telegram-amateur-saboteurs-and-hitmen-how-russia-outsources-its-operations-in-europe.html)

[^5]:
    [Russian sabotage operations in Europe - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_sabotage_operations_in_Europe)

[^6]:
    [CERT-EU - Cyber Brief 26-01 - December 2025](https://cert.europa.eu/publications/threat-intelligence/cb26-01)

[^7]:
    [Europe exposes Russia’s cyber war](https://defence24.com/geopolitics/europe-exposes-russias-cyber-war)

[^8]:
    [European countries confront Russian sabotage and shadow warfare | PBS News](https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/european-countries-confront-russian-sabotage-and-shadow-warfare)

[^9]:
    [How Europe deter Russia attacks | Council on Foreign Relations](https://www.cfr.org/articles/russias-attacks-in-europe-are-escalating-here-is-how-to-push-back)

[^10]:
    [Russian Mil Campaign Against Europe - Objectives & Efforts | ISW](https://understandingwar.org/research/defense-of-europe/the-russian-military-campaign-against-europe-current-objectives-and-efforts)

<a id="83717019-8993-4a72-9b4c-55e29c1f47dd"></a>
### 5. The EU is sending billions to Ukraine. — 98%

Model: DeepSeek V4.1 Flash · Checked on: 11/10/2026 · Detail: /claim/83717019-8993-4a72-9b4c-55e29c1f47dd

**Verification: The claim is clearly supported.**

- The EU has provided massive financial support to Ukraine since Russia's 2022 invasion. Between 2022 and 2026, the EU gave a total of **€43.3 billion in macro-financial assistance** (loans and grants) alone[^1].
- The EU and its member states have provided **€228.7 billion in overall support** to Ukraine since 2022, including €3.8 billion from immobilised Russian assets[^2].
- For 2026 alone, €32.5 billion in EU financial support remains available, including €28.1 billion under the Ukraine Support Loan[^2].
- The EU is consistently identified as the largest provider of financial aid to Ukraine since 2022[^3].
- The figure is unambiguously in the "billions" — indeed tens of billions — across multiple official and news sources[^1][^4][^2].

**Overall validity**: 98%

[^1]:
    [EU financial assistance to Ukraine - Consilium](https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/ukraine-solidarity-financial-support)

[^2]:
    [European Commission Disburses €1.24 Billion to Boost Ukraine’s Defence Industry | commonspace.eu](https://www.commonspace.eu/news/european-commission-disburses-eu124-billion-boost-ukraines-defence-industry)

[^3]:
    [The EU has provided the largest financial aid to Ukraine ...](https://www.reuters.com/graphics/BRV-BRV/zgvozzrbmpd)

[^4]:
    [EU Assistance to Ukraine (in U.S. Dollars) | EEAS](https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/united-states-america/eu-assistance-ukraine-us-dollars_en?s=253)

<a id="b1def9c0-80e3-4aa7-af18-865a453e08bc"></a>
### 6. The EU is engaging in piracy on the open sea against Russia, by any standards of international law. — 5%

Model: DeepSeek V4.1 Flash · Checked on: 11/10/2026 · Detail: /claim/b1def9c0-80e3-4aa7-af18-865a453e08bc

##### Reasoning

- **What the claim is:** The assertion mirrors a Russian government talking point — Putin, Medvedev and Kremlin aide Nikolai Patrushev have all branded Western/EU boardings of Russia's "shadow fleet" tankers as "piracy"/"pirate attacks"[^1][^2].
- **Legal definition of piracy:** Under UNCLOS Article 101, piracy requires (a) illegal acts of violence/detention/depredation, (b) committed **for private ends**, (c) **by a private ship**, and (d) **on the high seas** or outside any state's jurisdiction[^3][^4][^5]. Article 102 confirms that acts by warships/government ships on government service are **not** piracy — only mutinous government ships are treated as private[^3].
- **EU actions don't fit:** European boardings are carried out by **state authorities/naval missions** (e.g., Operation Irini, Operation Atalanta, national navies/coastguards) as **sanctions enforcement**, typically relying on UNCLOS Article 110 grounds such as suspected statelessness or false flags — i.e., acts for public/political ends, not "private ends"[^6][^7][^8][^9]. This disqualifies them from the legal category of piracy regardless of how contestable their legality may be.
- **Even where legality is disputed, "piracy by any standards" is wrong:** Experts debate whether some interdictions have a solid legal basis and note enforcement gaps, but frame the operations as enforcement actions, not piracy[^10][^6][^9]. The "piracy" label originates from Russia's political rhetoric, not from international-law analysis[^11][^2].
- **Geography:** Much enforcement occurs in coastal-state waters, EEZs, or under Article 110 high-seas boarding rules — and the specific offense of "piracy" requires high-seas commission, so "piracy on the open sea" is doubly inaccurate[^12][^3].

The claim is a politically framed accusation that does not meet the legal definition of piracy under international law; by no established standard does state sanctions enforcement by government vessels constitute piracy.

**Overall validity**: 5%

[^1]:
    [Russian Navy Ready to Seize Europe's 'Shadow Fleet' as Putin Orders Retaliation For 'Piracy' | 4k](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQeYw92EaYI)

[^2]:
    [Top Putin Aide Threatens EU Ships in Response to Shadow Fleet Boardings](https://maritime-executive.com/article/top-putin-aide-threatens-eu-ships-in-response-to-shadow-fleet-boardings)

[^3]:
    [Legal Framework for the Repression of Piracy Under UNCLOS](https://www.un.org/depts/los/piracy/piracy_legal_framework.htm)

[^4]:
    [“If you were waiting for the opportune moment, that was it.” – The International Law Commission’s first report fails to address the pitfalls of piracy’s definition – International Law Blog](https://internationallaw.blog/2023/05/22/if-you-were-waiting-for-the-opportune-moment-that-was-it-the-international-law-commissions-first-report-fails-to-address-the-pitfalls-of-piracys-definit)

[^5]:
    [Piracy Under International Law: UNCLOS and Universal Jurisdiction](https://www.diplomacyandlaw.com/post/piracy-under-international-law)

[^6]:
    [EU Tanker Boarding Exposes Enforcement Gap in Shadow-Fleet Sanctions - https://eutoday.net](https://eutoday.net/eu-tanker-boarding-shadow-fleet-sanctions-gap)

[^7]:
    [Shadow-Fleet and Sanctions Enforcement Risk Is Tightening in Northern Europe – Ship Universe](https://www.shipuniverse.com/signal/shadow-fleet-and-sanctions-enforcement-risk-is-tightening-in-northern-europe)

[^8]:
    [EU Navy Extends Shadow Fleet Boardings Into Indian Ocean as Russia Deploys Warship Escorts](https://www.techtimes.com/articles/321471/20260724/eu-navy-extends-shadow-fleet-boardings-indian-ocean-russia-deploys-warship-escorts.htm)

[^9]:
    [The US is taking action against Russia’s shadow fleet. In the Baltic Sea, Europe should follow suit. - Atlantic Council](https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/dispatches/the-us-is-taking-action-against-russias-shadow-fleet-in-the-baltic-sea-europe-should-follow-suit)

[^10]:
    [Europe’s security begins at sea: It’s time to counter Russia’s shadow fleet](https://www.epc.eu/publication/europes-security-begins-at-sea-its-time-to-counter-russias-shadow-fleet)

[^11]:
    [Risk reduction is urgently needed amid rising tensions in Northern Europe | SIPRI](https://www.sipri.org/commentary/essay/2025/risk-reduction-urgently-needed-amid-rising-tensions-northern-europe)

[^12]:
    [Where the Law Gets Thin: The Jurisdictional Gap Pirates Exploit](https://www.justsecurity.org/134946/where-law-thin-jurisdictional-gap-pirates-exploit)