--- title: "New research claims human emissions are not driving atmospheric CO2. A paper by …" source: "https://x.com/Electroversenet/status/2032426461236269059" platform: "X / Twitter" factual_accuracy: 64 overall_accuracy: null tags: ["atmospheric co2", "carbon emissions", "climate science", "ocean-atmosphere interaction", "ocean warming", "sea surface temperature", "climate modeling", "carbon cycle", "dai ato", "linear regression", "lead-lag relationship", "causal attribution"] --- # Source fact-check: New research claims human emissions are not driving atmospheric CO2. A paper by … Original post: https://x.com/Electroversenet/status/2032426461236269059 Factual accuracy: 64% · Overall accuracy: Unknown ## Source post **Target post by @Electroversenet** > New research claims human emissions are not driving atmospheric CO2. > > A paper by Dai Ato ran multiple linear regressions for 1959 to 2022, testing two predictors of the annual CO2 increase: sea surface temperature and human emissions. > > The result was clear, when the oceans warmed, CO2 levels rose almost exactly in step: about two to three ppm for every 1C of warming. > > Adding human emissions to the model didn't change the outcome. > > Using only ocean temperature, the model reproduced global CO2 levels with near-perfect accuracy, a correlation of 0.995 and an error of just one to two ppm by 2022. > > The main factor governing the annual increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration is sea surface temperature rather than human emissions. > > Earlier studies have shown the same pattern. > Temperature changes first, CO2 follows. > > If Ato is correct, cutting human emissions won't lower atmospheric CO2 because it's the oceans that set the pace. ## Post analysis Post analysis will start after all claims are evaluated. ## Claims found (12) ### 1. Research by Dai Ato claims that human emissions are not driving atmospheric carbon dioxide levels — 5% Model: Kimi K2.5 · Checked on: 05/04/2026 · Detail: /claim/aHfWTHnONqNL7lQLNEMi Based on my research, I can now evaluate this claim. **Analysis of the claim:** - Dai Ato is an independent researcher from Japan who has published papers claiming that sea surface temperature (SST), not human emissions, is the primary driver of atmospheric CO₂ increases[^1][^4][^3]. His research uses multivariate analysis to argue that SST is the "independent determinant" of annual CO₂ increases while claiming human emissions were "irrelevant"[^4][^3]. - However, Ato's papers were published in "Science of Climate Change" journal, which Science Feedback found is **not indexed** in credible scientific databases such as SCImago, Web of Science, or Index Copernicus[^5]. This indicates it lacks recognition as a credible scientific journal. - The journal is published by the "Norwegian Climate Realists," an organization dedicated to opposing climate science[^5]. The journal openly states its objective is to publish papers that "contradict the often very unilateral climate hypotheses of the IPCC," indicating clear bias rather than objective scientific inquiry[^5]. - The journal has also published papers that were created using AI (Grok 3), with authors editing the AI-generated content rather than conducting original research[^5]. - The overwhelming scientific consensus—supported by greater than 99% of peer-reviewed climate science literature and major scientific organizations including NASA, AAAS, AGU, and the American Chemical Society—is that human emissions of CO₂ ARE driving atmospheric CO₂ levels[^6][^2]. Data from NOAA clearly shows atmospheric CO₂ levels have increased in direct correlation with human emissions since the Industrial Revolution[^6]. - Ato's analysis appears to conflate natural feedback mechanisms (where warming oceans can release some CO₂) with the primary cause of the long-term CO₂ increase. While temperature and CO₂ are correlated, the causal relationship is well-established: human emissions cause CO₂ increases, which then cause warming—not the reverse as Ato suggests[^6]. - Natural carbon sinks (oceans and plants) absorb about half of human CO₂ emissions, but the remaining half accumulates in the atmosphere, causing the observed rise[^6]. **Overall validity**: 5% [^1]: [Ato: Multivariate Analysis Rejects the Theory of Human-caused ...](https://scienceofclimatechange.org/ato-multivariate-analysis-rejects-the-theory-of-human-caused-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-increase/) [^4]: [\[PDF\] SCC-Ato-Multivariate-Analysis-Vol.4.2.pdf - Science of climate change](https://scienceofclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/SCC-Ato-Multivariate-Analysis-Vol.4.2.pdf) [^3]: [Dai Ato: The Sea Surface Temperature Rules](https://scienceofclimatechange.org/dai-ato-the-sea-surface-temperature-rules/) [^5]: [What is peer-review? Why one Grok-written paper doesn't disprove ...](https://science.feedback.org/review/why-peer-reviewed-grok-written-paper-doesnt-disprove-climate-change/) [^6]: [Climate change: atmospheric carbon dioxide](https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide) [^2]: [Scientific Consensus](https://science.nasa.gov/climate-change/scientific-consensus/) ### 2. Dai Ato's paper tested human emissions as a predictor of the annual increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration from 1959 to 2022 — 100% Model: Kimi K2.5 · Checked on: 05/04/2026 · Detail: /claim/LWLpceZ8k55ltBDZdni1 Based on my research, I can verify the accuracy of this claim. ##### Verification of the Claim **The claim is ACCURATE.** Here are the key findings: - Dai Ato published a paper titled "Multivariate Analysis Rejects the Theory of Human-caused Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Increase: The Sea Surface Temperature Rules" in Science of Climate Change (Volume 4.2, 2024)[^4][^3][^2] - The study performed **multiple linear regression analysis** using annual changes in atmospheric CO₂ levels as the objective variable[^1][^3] - **Sea surface temperature (SST)** and **human emissions** were used as the explanatory factors[^4][^1][^2] - The analysis covered the period **from 1959 to 2022**[^3][^1][^4] - The paper explicitly states: "Multiple linear regression analysis was performed using the annual changes in atmospheric CO₂ levels for each year as the objective variable. The SST and human emissions for each year were the explanatory factors."[^3] While the paper's conclusion was that human emissions were not statistically significant as a predictor (regression coefficient B = 0.0027, P = 0.863) and that SST was the dominant factor[^5][^1], the claim about the paper testing human emissions as a predictor over the 1959-2022 period is factually correct. **Overall validity**: 100% [^4]: [\[PDF\] SCC-Ato-Multivariate-Analysis-Vol.4.2.pdf - Science of climate change](https://scienceofclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/SCC-Ato-Multivariate-Analysis-Vol.4.2.pdf) [^3]: [\[PDF\] Volume 4.2 2024 - Science of climate change](https://scienceofclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/Science-of-Climate-Change-December-2024-V4.2.pdf) [^2]: [Dai Ato: The Sea Surface Temperature Rules](https://scienceofclimatechange.org/dai-ato-the-sea-surface-temperature-rules/) [^1]: [Ato: Multivariate Analysis Rejects the Theory of Human-caused ...](https://scienceofclimatechange.org/ato-multivariate-analysis-rejects-the-theory-of-human-caused-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-increase/) [^5]: [New Study: Human Emissions 'Irrelevant' In Determining Changes In ...](https://notrickszone.com/2024/09/02/new-study-human-emissions-irrelevant-in-determining-changes-in-atmospheric-co2-since-1959/) ### 3. Dai Ato's paper tested sea surface temperature as a predictor of the annual increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration from 1959 to 2022 — 95% Model: Kimi K2.5 · Checked on: 05/04/2026 · Detail: /claim/TL97pSINhranlbEO2CCd Based on my research, I can verify the claim: **Verification of the claim:** - **Dai Ato is a real researcher** - The paper was authored by Dai Ato, identified as an "Independent researcher, Osaka, Japan" with ORCID: 0000-0002-6049-5039[^1][^2] - **The paper was published** in "Science of Climate Change" (Volume 4.2, published August 16, 2024)[^2][^1] - **The paper title** is "Multivariate Analysis Rejects the Theory of Human-caused Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Increase: The Sea Surface Temperature Rules"[^2] - **The study period was indeed 1959 to 2022** - The paper explicitly states it analyzed data starting from 1959, with predictions showing a 1.45 ppm difference in 2022[^2][^1] - **Sea surface temperature was tested as a predictor** - The study used multiple linear regression analysis with annual changes in atmospheric CO₂ as the objective variable and SST (from NASA, UK-Hadley Centre, and UAH datasets) and human emissions as explanatory factors[^1][^2] - **The paper claims SST is a strong predictor** - The paper found that the model using SST "best represented the annual CO₂ increase" with high correlation (r = 0.9995 for HAD-SST from 1960)[^2][^1] **Important context:** - This is a **single paper** with conclusions that contradict the overwhelming consensus in climate science that human fossil fuel emissions are the primary driver of atmospheric CO₂ increases - The journal "Science of Climate Change" is a relatively new not-for-profit independent journal, not a mainstream climate science publication - The Chief Editor is Prof. H. Harde, who has published skeptical views on anthropogenic climate change - The author's conclusions that "human CO₂ emissions were irrelevant" and "atmospheric CO₂ has fluctuated as natural phenomenon, regardless of human activity" represent a minority/fringe view in climate science **Overall validity**: 95% [^1]: [Dai Ato: The Sea Surface Temperature Rules](https://scienceofclimatechange.org/dai-ato-the-sea-surface-temperature-rules/) [^2]: [\[PDF\] SCC-Ato-Multivariate-Analysis-Vol.4.2.pdf - Science of climate change](https://scienceofclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/SCC-Ato-Multivariate-Analysis-Vol.4.2.pdf) ### 4. Dai Ato's paper ran multiple linear regressions for the period 1959 to 2022 — 100% Model: Kimi K2.5 · Checked on: 05/04/2026 · Detail: /claim/XxQBiNqbsUe8IZUtelo6 Based on my research, I can verify this claim: **Claim Analysis:** - Dai Ato published a study in Science of Climate Change journal (Volume 4.2) titled "Sea Surface Temperature, not Humans, Rules the Atmospheric CO2-Concentration"[^2] - The paper explicitly states that "multiple linear regression analysis was performed using the annual changes in atmospheric CO₂ levels for each year as the objective variable" with sea surface temperature (SST) and human emissions as explanatory factors[^1] - The analysis period covered 1959 to 2022, as confirmed by multiple sources indicating regression equations "after 1959" with data extending to 2022[^2] - The study states: "Annual CO₂ increase = 2.006 × HAD-SST + 1.143 (after 1959)" and "Annual CO₂ increase = 2.406 × GISS-SST + 0.953 (after 1959)"[^2] - The results from the period 1959 to 2022 showed "similar results" across different SST datasets[^2] **Overall validity**: 100% [^2]: [\[PDF\] SCC-Ato-Multivariate-Analysis-Vol.4.2.pdf - Science of climate change](https://scienceofclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/SCC-Ato-Multivariate-Analysis-Vol.4.2.pdf) [^1]: [Dai Ato: The Sea Surface Temperature Rules](https://scienceofclimatechange.org/dai-ato-the-sea-surface-temperature-rules/) ### 5. Dai Ato's research found that atmospheric carbon dioxide levels rose by approximately two to three parts per million for every 1°C increase in sea surface temperature — 85% Model: Kimi K2.5 · Checked on: 05/04/2026 · Detail: /claim/yz3ajbr20bJAF4mwQX9T Based on my research, I can verify this claim about Dai Ato's research findings. **Verification:** - Dai Ato, an independent researcher from Osaka, Japan, published a study titled "Multivariate Analysis Rejects the Theory of Human-caused Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Increase: The Sea Surface Temperature Rules" in the journal *Science of Climate Change*[^3][^1] - The study used multiple linear regression analysis with annual changes in atmospheric CO₂ as the objective variable and sea surface temperature (SST) as an explanatory factor[^1] - The research found regression coefficients ranging from **B = 1.964 to B = 2.406** ppm per 1°C increase in SST, depending on the data source and time period used[^3][^1] - For UAH-SST data (1979-2022): B = 1.964 ppm/°C[^1] - For NASA SST data (after 1959): B = 2.406 ppm/°C[^3][^1] - These values fall within the claimed range of "two to three parts per million" per 1°C, though closer to the lower end of that range[^1][^3] **Key context:** - The study controversially concluded that human CO₂ emissions were not a statistically significant determinant of atmospheric CO₂ increases in the regression models, while SST was[^3][^1] - This finding contradicts the established scientific consensus that human fossil fuel emissions are the primary driver of rising atmospheric CO₂[^2] **Overall validity**: 85% The claim accurately reports the approximate range of regression coefficients found in Dai Ato's research, though the upper bound of "three parts per million" slightly overstates the maximum value found (2.406 ppm/°C). [^3]: [Dai Ato: The Sea Surface Temperature Rules](https://scienceofclimatechange.org/dai-ato-the-sea-surface-temperature-rules/) [^1]: [\[PDF\] SCC-Ato-Multivariate-Analysis-Vol.4.2.pdf - Science of climate change](https://scienceofclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/SCC-Ato-Multivariate-Analysis-Vol.4.2.pdf) [^2]: [Climate change: atmospheric carbon dioxide](https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide) ### 6. The inclusion of human emissions as a predictor did not change the outcome of Dai Ato's regression model — 95% Model: Kimi K2.5 · Checked on: 05/04/2026 · Detail: /claim/7GobpMbqyEKPzSAAl3Nr Based on my research of Dai Ato's study on atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, here is my analysis: **Claim Analysis:** - Dai Ato performed multiple linear regression analysis using annual changes in atmospheric CO₂ as the objective variable[^2] - The study used both Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and human emissions as explanatory factors/predictors[^2] - The results consistently showed that SST was the strong independent determinant of annual CO₂ increases with high statistical significance (regression coefficient B = 2.406, P \< 0.0002, model R² = 0.663)[^1][^2] - Human emissions, when included as a predictor, showed no statistical significance (regression coefficient B = 0.0027, P = 0.863)[^1] - The study explicitly states: "All data combinations yielded similar results. SST was consistently a strong independent determinant of annual CO₂ concentration increases but not human emissions"[^3] - The conclusion notes that "human CO₂ emissions were irrelevant" and that including them did not change the finding that SST was the main explanatory factor[^2][^3] **Overall validity**: 95% [^2]: [Dai Ato: The Sea Surface Temperature Rules](https://scienceofclimatechange.org/dai-ato-the-sea-surface-temperature-rules/) [^1]: [New Study: Human Emissions 'Irrelevant' In Determining Changes In ...](https://notrickszone.com/2024/09/02/new-study-human-emissions-irrelevant-in-determining-changes-in-atmospheric-co2-since-1959/) [^3]: [\[PDF\] SCC-Ato-Multivariate-Analysis-Vol.4.2.pdf - Science of climate change](https://scienceofclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/SCC-Ato-Multivariate-Analysis-Vol.4.2.pdf) ### 7. Dai Ato's model reproduced global carbon dioxide levels with a correlation of 0.995 when using only ocean temperature as a predictor — 65% Model: Kimi K2.5 · Checked on: 05/04/2026 · Detail: /claim/9htaiLV6psxRpPAdR5OY Based on my investigation of the available sources: **Fact-check summary:** - Dai Aato did publish a paper in "Science of Climate Change" (2024) titled "Multivariate Analysis Rejects the Theory of Human-caused Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Increase: The Sea Surface Temperature Rules"[^2][^3] - The paper reported Pearson correlation coefficients between predicted and actual CO₂ concentrations of r = 0.9995 for UK-HADLEY SST data and UAH-SST data, and r = 0.9997 for GISS-SST data[^2][^3] - The claim's correlation value of 0.995 is **incorrect**—the actual reported value was 0.9995 (or 0.9997 for GISS data)[^2][^3] - The methodology description in the claim is **misleading**—the study used multiple linear regression with both SST and human emissions as explanatory variables, not "only ocean temperature." However, human emissions were found not to be a determining factor in the models[^2][^3] **Important caveats:** - The paper was published in a journal with known climate skeptic editorial positions (Chief Editor: Prof. H. Harde; Guest Editor: Prof. P. Stallinga)[^3] - The findings contradict the overwhelming scientific consensus that human emissions are the primary driver of atmospheric CO₂ increases[^1][^3] - The author is an independent researcher without institutional affiliation, which may affect peer review rigor[^3][^4] **Overall validity**: 65% [^2]: [Dai Ato: The Sea Surface Temperature Rules](https://scienceofclimatechange.org/dai-ato-the-sea-surface-temperature-rules/) [^3]: [\[PDF\] SCC-Ato-Multivariate-Analysis-Vol.4.2.pdf - Science of climate change](https://scienceofclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/SCC-Ato-Multivariate-Analysis-Vol.4.2.pdf) [^1]: [The ocean carbon sink is ailing](https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1096606) [^4]: [\[PDF\] Flaws in Ice Core Reconstructions of Atmospheric CO2](https://scienceofclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/SCC-Ato-2025.pdf) ### 8. Dai Ato's model had an error of one to two parts per million by 2022 when using only ocean temperature as a predictor — 90% Model: Kimi K2.5 · Checked on: 05/04/2026 · Detail: /claim/B0rGoW8IFJYPjHPqhxcr ##### Fact-Check Analysis **Claim:** Dai Ato's model had an error of one to two parts per million by 2022 when using only ocean temperature as a predictor. **Evaluation:** Based on my research of Dai Ato's published study in Science of Climate Change (Vol. 4.2, 2024), the claim is **essentially accurate** with some important context: - Dai Ato's study used multiple regression analysis with sea surface temperature (SST) and human emissions as explanatory variables[^2][^1] - The study found that "the independent determinant of the annual increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentration was SST, which showed strong predictive ability"[^2] - **The smallest error in 2022 was 1.45 ppm**, achieved using the HAD-SST dataset with data from 1959 onward[^1][^2] - This 1.45 ppm error falls within the claimed "one to two parts per million" range[^2][^1] - The model showed an extremely high correlation with actual CO₂ measurements (r = 0.9995, P \< 3e-92)[^1][^2] **Important context:** - The 1.45 ppm error was specifically for the best-performing model configuration (HAD-SST from 1959). Other SST datasets or shorter time periods produced larger errors (e.g., 21.1-30.8 ppm when using data only since 1979)[^2] - While the regression technically included both SST and human emissions variables, the analysis demonstrated that human emissions were statistically irrelevant, making SST effectively the sole predictor[^1][^2] **Overall validity**: 90% [^2]: [\[PDF\] SCC-Ato-Multivariate-Analysis-Vol.4.2.pdf - Science of climate change](https://scienceofclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/SCC-Ato-Multivariate-Analysis-Vol.4.2.pdf) [^1]: [Dai Ato: The Sea Surface Temperature Rules](https://scienceofclimatechange.org/dai-ato-the-sea-surface-temperature-rules/) ### 9. Sea surface temperature is the main factor governing the annual increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration rather than human emissions according to Dai Ato's research — 5% Model: Kimi K2.5 · Checked on: 05/04/2026 · Detail: /claim/uMKYmvnDlKboeQpP8B3w Based on my research, here is my fact-check of this claim: **Analysis of the Claim:** - **Dai Ato is an independent researcher** who published a paper in "Science of Climate Change" (a journal established in 2021 by climate skeptics) titled "Multivariate Analysis Rejects the Theory of Human-caused Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Increase: The Sea Surface Temperature Rules"[^10][^13]. - **The journal's credibility is questionable** - "Science of Climate Change" was explicitly created to publish research contradicting IPCC findings. Its Chief Editor is Prof. H. Harde, associated with climate skeptic circles. The journal is not indexed in major scientific databases and appears designed to give climate skeptic papers academic legitimacy they wouldn't receive from mainstream journals[^3][^6][^15]. - **The scientific consensus overwhelmingly contradicts Ato's conclusion** - Multiple independent lines of evidence confirm human emissions are the primary driver of atmospheric CO2 increases[^12][^2][^9]: - Carbon isotope analysis (δ13C and Δ14C measurements) shows the CO2 increase has the isotopic signature of fossil fuels (depleted in 13C and 14C)[^4][^14][^11][^16] - Atmospheric CO2 has increased \~50% since the Industrial Revolution, tracking closely with cumulative human emissions[^2][^12] - The Suess Effect (decreasing δ13C in atmospheric CO2) matches expected changes from fossil fuel combustion[^5][^16] - **Key scientific rebuttal to the "natural sources" argument**: Climate scientists note that if both humans AND nature were net sources of CO2, atmospheric CO2 would rise faster than anthropogenic emissions alone. Instead, only about half of human emissions remain in the atmosphere, proving natural systems (oceans and biosphere) are currently net sinks absorbing CO2, not sources emitting it[^8][^1]. - **Correlation ≠ Causation**: While sea surface temperature and CO2 are correlated (warmer oceans release some CO2), this relationship doesn't explain the overall atmospheric increase. The claim confuses short-term seasonal/outgassing variations with the long-term trend driven by fossil fuel emissions[^13][^8]. - **The IPCC's position**, based on thousands of peer-reviewed studies, is clear: human activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, are responsible for the observed increase in atmospheric CO2 since pre-industrial times[^2][^9][^7]. **Conclusion:** Dai Ato's research represents a minority viewpoint from a low-credibility journal that contradicts the overwhelming scientific consensus. The claim uses flawed statistical analysis while ignoring fundamental evidence from carbon isotopes and mass balance calculations that definitively trace atmospheric CO2 increases to fossil fuel combustion. **Overall validity**: 5% [^10]: [\[PDF\] Flaws in Ice Core Reconstructions of Atmospheric CO2](https://scienceofclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/SCC-Ato-2025.pdf) [^13]: [\[PDF\] SCC-Ato-Multivariate-Analysis-Vol.4.2.pdf - Science of climate change](https://scienceofclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/SCC-Ato-Multivariate-Analysis-Vol.4.2.pdf) [^3]: [Murky world of 'science' journals a new frontier for climate deniers](https://www.theguardian.com/environment/planet-oz/2018/jan/24/murky-world-of-science-journals-a-new-frontier-for-climate-deniers) [^6]: [\#generativeai | Aurélien Acquier | 26 comments](https://www.linkedin.com/posts/aur%C3%A9lien-acquier-881496b_generativeai-activity-7327572957399072768-_BQ2) [^15]: [Climate sceptics sneak unsound research into peer-reviewed ... - AFP](https://factcheck.afp.com/doc.afp.com.33CU2GB) [^12]: [Carbon Dioxide - Earth Indicator - NASA Science](https://science.nasa.gov/earth/explore/earth-indicators/carbon-dioxide/) [^2]: [Climate change: atmospheric carbon dioxide](https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide) [^9]: [Carbon Dioxide Emissions | US EPA](https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/carbon-dioxide-emissions) [^4]: [What are the sources of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? - CSIRO](https://www.csiro.au/en/research/environmental-impacts/climate-change/Climate-change-QA/Sources-of-CO2) [^14]: [The human fingerprint in global warming - Skeptical Science](https://skepticalscience.com/its-not-us.htm) [^11]: [Carbon isotopes do not show that humans' climate impacts are too ...](https://science.feedback.org/review/carbon-isotopes-do-not-show-humans-climate-impacts-too-small-notice-despite-the-daily-sceptic-inaccurate-claim/) [^16]: [What 13 C Tells Us - Education - Stable Isotopes NOAA GML](https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/isotopes/c13tellsus.html) [^5]: [Changes to Carbon Isotopes in Atmospheric CO2 Over the Industrial ...](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7757245/) [^8]: [Flawed climate science paper “exposed potential ...](https://retractionwatch.com/2018/04/23/flawed-climate-science-paper-exposed-potential-weaknesses-in-peer-review-process/) [^1]: [How do human CO2 emissions compare to natural CO2 emissions?](https://www.che-project.eu/news/how-do-human-co2-emissions-compare-natural-co2-emissions) [^7]: [Peer review in climate change research - EBSCO](https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/communication-and-mass-media/peer-review-climate-change-research) ### 10. Earlier studies have shown that temperature changes precede changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels — 95% Model: Kimi K2.5 · Checked on: 05/04/2026 · Detail: /claim/LnECZ8AqTCKSvzFtxCsz Based on the evidence from climate science research, here is my assessment of this claim: **Reasoning:** - Antarctic ice core records spanning approximately 800,000 years show that during natural glacial-interglacial cycles, temperature changes did indeed precede CO2 changes by roughly 600 to 1000 years[^1][^4]. - This phenomenon is well-established in paleoclimate science. The initial warming was triggered by orbital forcing (Milankovitch cycles - changes in Earth's tilt and orbit around the sun), which then caused CO2 to be released from warming oceans (as warmer water holds less dissolved CO2)[^4][^3]. - The released CO2 then acted as a feedback mechanism, amplifying the warming. In fact, approximately 90% of the global warming followed the CO2 increase, demonstrating that CO2 played a significant role in amplifying the initial orbital forcing[^4]. - A 1990 paper by Claude Lorius (co-authored by James Hansen) actually predicted that CO2 would lag temperature during these transitions, before ice core records were accurate enough to confirm this lag[^4]. - Recent studies suggest the lag may be considerably smaller or even difficult to detect precisely due to challenges in dating ice cores, as there is a delay between when snow falls (trapping air bubbles) and when it compresses into ice[^2]. - It is important to note that this historical relationship does not contradict current anthropogenic climate change, as today humans are adding CO2 to the atmosphere independently of natural orbital cycles[^3][^1]. **Overall validity**: 95% [^1]: [CO2 lags temperature - what does it mean? - Skeptical Science](https://skepticalscience.com/print.php?r=33) [^4]: [CO2 lags temperature - what does it mean? - Skeptical Science](https://skepticalscience.com/co2-lags-temperature.htm) [^3]: [CO 2 lags temperature rises in ice core data](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/icecore.html) [^2]: [Explainer: How the rise and fall of CO2 levels influenced the ice ages](https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-how-the-rise-and-fall-of-co2-levels-influenced-the-ice-ages/) ### 11. If Dai Ato's research is correct, cutting human emissions will not lower atmospheric carbon dioxide levels — 15% Model: Kimi K2.5 · Checked on: 05/04/2026 · Detail: /claim/WSFqNr8PfYuXFVhmEw2B Based on my research, here is my assessment of the claim: ##### Assessment **Understanding the Claim:** The statement "If Dai Ato's research is correct, cutting human emissions will not lower atmospheric carbon dioxide levels" is a conditional claim. It asserts that Dai Ato's research conclusions, if true, would imply that reducing human CO2 emissions would have no effect on atmospheric CO2 levels. **What Dai Ato's Research Actually Claims:** - Dai Ato is an independent researcher from Japan who has published in "Science of Climate Change" (SCC), a journal that explicitly states its objective is to publish contributions "which contradict the often very unilateral climate hypotheses of the IPCC"[^5] - Ato's 2024 paper "Multivariate Analysis Rejects the Theory of Human-caused Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Increase: The Sea Surface Temperature Rules" uses regression analysis and claims sea surface temperature (SST) is the "independent determinant" of annual CO₂ increases, while "human CO₂ emissions were irrelevant"[^4][^3] - Ato concludes that "human efforts to curb CO₂ emissions have been, at least in the past, meaningless"[^4] **Why This Research Is Contradicted by Mainstream Science:** - The IPCC and NASA state "it is unequivocal that the increase of CO2...in the atmosphere over the industrial era is the result of human activities"[^6][^2] - Direct observations show that the atmosphere retains roughly half of anthropogenic CO₂ emissions, with the remainder absorbed by land (31%) and ocean (23%) sinks[^1] - Multiple lines of evidence including isotopic ratios (carbon-13 and carbon-14), atmospheric oxygen decline tracking fossil fuel combustion, and inventory data confirm the human origin of CO₂ increases[^6][^2] - The IPCC explains that "net zero CO2 emissions" would cause atmospheric CO2 concentrations to "gradually decline to a long-term stable level as excess CO2 in the atmosphere is taken up by ocean and land sinks"[^1] **Critique of Ato's Methodology:** - Ato's analysis uses annual changes in CO₂ as the dependent variable rather than cumulative atmospheric concentrations - His finding that SST correlates with year-to-year variations does not establish causation or negate the established fact that human emissions add carbon to the atmosphere faster than natural sinks can remove it - The SCC journal is not recognized in mainstream climate science and was created specifically to platform alternative views rejected by the IPCC consensus[^5] **Conclusion:** - If Ato's research were correct (that human emissions are irrelevant to atmospheric CO2), then logically, cutting emissions would not lower CO2 levels - However, Ato's research is contradicted by overwhelming scientific evidence and is published in a journal explicitly dedicated to contradicting mainstream climate science - The premise of Ato's work—that human emissions don't affect atmospheric CO2—is fundamentally at odds with basic carbon cycle physics **Overall validity**: 15% [^5]: [Science of climate change](https://scienceofclimatechange.org/) [^4]: [\[PDF\] SCC-Ato-Multivariate-Analysis-Vol.4.2.pdf - Science of climate change](https://scienceofclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/SCC-Ato-Multivariate-Analysis-Vol.4.2.pdf) [^3]: [Dai Ato: The Sea Surface Temperature Rules](https://scienceofclimatechange.org/dai-ato-the-sea-surface-temperature-rules/) [^6]: [Scientific Consensus - NASA Science](https://science.nasa.gov/climate-change/scientific-consensus/) [^2]: [\[PDF\] The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide](https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/TAR-03.pdf) [^1]: [Chapter 3: Human Influence on the Climate System - IPCC](https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/chapter/chapter-3/) ### 12. Oceans determine the pace of atmospheric carbon dioxide level increases according to Dai Ato's research — 20% Model: Kimi K2.5 · Checked on: 05/04/2026 · Detail: /claim/hBVn7VtsOcDQWeQEu55L Based on my research, I can verify the claim and provide context about its scientific validity. **Reasoning:** - Dai Ato is an independent researcher from Japan who published a paper titled "Multivariate Analysis Rejects the Theory of Human-caused Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Increase: The Sea Surface Temperature Rules" in 2024[^2][^1]. - In this research, Ato conducted multivariate regression analysis comparing sea surface temperature (SST) and human CO₂ emissions as explanatory factors for atmospheric CO₂ changes[^1]. - He concluded that SST was the "independent determinant of the annual increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentration" and claimed that "human CO₂ emissions were irrelevant"[^1]. **However, this research contradicts the overwhelming scientific consensus:** - The established scientific consensus, supported by multiple studies, shows that 97-98% of actively publishing climate scientists agree that human activities, particularly fossil fuel burning, are the primary cause of increasing atmospheric CO₂ levels[^4][^3]. - The oceans actually act as a **carbon sink** that absorbs approximately 25% of human CO₂ emissions, not as a net source of CO₂ to the atmosphere[^5]. - While ocean warming can cause some CO₂ outgassing as a feedback effect, it is not the primary driver of the observed long-term CO₂ increase. The isotopic composition of atmospheric CO₂ (declining ¹³C/¹²C ratio) clearly indicates the source is fossil fuel carbon, not oceanic carbon. **Overall validity**: 20% Dai Ato did publish research making this claim, but the conclusion that oceans determine the pace of atmospheric CO₂ increases contradicts well-established climate science. The scientific consensus is that human fossil fuel emissions are the dominant driver of atmospheric CO₂ increases, while oceans absorb significant amounts of this excess CO₂. [^2]: [SCC-Ato-Multivariate-Analysis-Vol.4.2.pdf](https://scienceofclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/SCC-Ato-Multivariate-Analysis-Vol.4.2.pdf) [^1]: [Dai Ato: The Sea Surface Temperature Rules](https://scienceofclimatechange.org/dai-ato-the-sea-surface-temperature-rules/) [^4]: [Yes, there really is scientific consensus on climate change](https://thebulletin.org/2016/04/yes-there-really-is-scientific-consensus-on-climate-change/) [^3]: [The 97% consensus on global warming - Skeptical Science](https://skepticalscience.com/global-warming-scientific-consensus.htm) [^5]: [How we discovered that the ocean's surface absorbs much more CO₂ ...](https://news-oceanacidification-icc.org/2024/11/11/how-we-discovered-that-the-oceans-surface-absorbs-much-more-carbon-dioxide-than-previously-thought/)